It felt threatened by other powers' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that it might lose access to the Chinese market if it were to be partitioned. After winning the Spanish–American War of 1898, with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the United States increased its Asian presence and expected to further its commercial and political interests in China. History Formation of policy ĭuring the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperial powers with a presence in China (which included France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia). ![]() Rogers in Harper's Magazine (New York) November 18, 1899. Uncle Sam (United States) rejects force and violence and ask "fair field and no favor," equal opportunity for all trading nations to enter the China market peacefully, which became the Open Door Policy. After Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978, the term referred to China's policy of opening up to foreign business that wanted to invest in the country, which set into motion the economic transformation of modern China. Technically, the term Open Door Policy is applicable only before the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The policy collapsed in 1931 when the Japanese seized and kept Manchuria, despite international disapproval. It was invoked or alluded to but never enforced as such. As a concept and policy, the Open Door Policy was a principle that was never formally adopted via treaty or international law. The concept was seen at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo. The theory of the Open Door Policy originated with British commercial practice, as reflected in treaties concluded with the Qing dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839–42) which included most favored nation provisions designed to keep any one nation from gaining an advantage. In the 20th and 21st centuries, scholars such as Christopher Layne in the neorealist school have generalized the use of the term to applications in 'political' open door policies and 'economic' open door policies of nations in general, which interact on a global or international basis. The policy set into motion the economic transformation of China. The term "Open Door" also describes the economic policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open China to foreign businesses that wanted to invest in the country. Over the next decades, American policy-makers and national figures continued to refer to the Open Door Policy as a basic doctrine, and Chinese diplomats appealed to it as they sought American support, but critics pointed out that the policy had little practical effect. In July 1900, as the powers contemplated intervention to put down the violently anti-foreign Boxer uprising, Hay circulated a Second Open Door Note affirming the principles. The policy was accepted only grudgingly, if at all, by the major powers, and it had no legal standing or enforcement mechanism. In order to prevent the "carving of China like a melon," as they were doing in Africa, the Note asked the powers to keep China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis and called upon all powers, within their spheres of influence to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges. Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899, and circulated to the major European powers. The Open Door Policy ( Chinese: 門戶開放政策) is the United States diplomatic policy established in the late 19th and early 20th century that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China. ![]() Emperor Franz Joseph I ( Austria) is in the back. From left to right: Kaiser Wilhelm II ( Germany), King Umberto I ( Italy), John Bull ( Britain), Tsar Nicholas II ( Russia) and President Emile Loubet ( France). ![]() US cartoon from 1899: Uncle Sam (center, representing the United States) demanding Open Door access to trade with China while European powers plan to cut it up for themselves. For the managerial practice of leaving the office door open, see Open door policy (business). For the NATO policy, see NATO open door policy. This article is about the US and Chinese trade policies.
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